农用地使用权征用中农民的成本收益分析

社会经济的快速发展促使大量农用地征收以满足各部门各方面的用地需求,在此过程中伴随着农用地使用权征用.长期以来,农用地使用权征用补偿偏低及补偿不到位,使农用地使用权主体农民的权益受损而得不到有效的保障.本文在区域问卷随机抽样调查的基础上,综合运用成本收益分析法、分解求和法和条件价值评估法等研究方法来分析湖北省农用地使用权征用中农民的成本收益并进行相应的测算.研究结果表明,调查区农民由于农用地使用权征用两年每公顷耕地的成本收益差额分别为:武汉市江夏区是16 652.20元/hm2,新洲区是29753.82元/hm2,麻城市是35 602.06元/hm2,平均值是26 255.77元/hm2.测算结果说明在农用地使用权征用中农民负担的成本与获得的收益存在显著的差距.     

中国城镇化与土地集约利用关系的动态计量分析

在测度城镇化与土地集约利用的基础上，运用动态计量经济模型探讨城镇化与土地集约利用的相互作用。研究结果表明：（1）城镇化与土地集约利用均为一阶单整序列；（2）城镇化与土地集约利用之间存在长期均衡关系，但短期内却存在失衡，短期波动向长期均衡趋近的调整幅度达到18.98%；（3）城镇化是土地集约利用的Granger原因，而反向关系得不到实证支持；（4）土地集约利用对来自城镇化的冲击响应强烈，城镇化的冲击对土地集约利用的解释水平达到了90%，而城镇化对来自土地集约利用的冲击响应较弱，土地集约利用的冲击对城镇化的解释水平仅为3%。因此，应采取长期而非短期的策略，有序推进城镇化进程，加强土地利用监督管理，不断提高土地资源集约利用水平     

基于RAGA AHP的工业用地集约利用评价——以江苏省开发区为例

作为建设用地的重要组成部分，工业用地的节约集约利用直接影响到建设用地特别是城市土地利用和管理的效果。基于开发区的工业用地集约利用评价能分析开发区土地集约利用现状，揭示不同区域及不同类型开发区土地集约利用的差异，为促进开发区土地资源高效利用提供参考。以江苏省为例,通过构建包含开发程度、用地结构、用地强度、用地效益和资源消耗5个子目标、14个指标的开发区土地集约利用评价指标体系，采用RAGA AHP方法实现了江苏省134个开发区土地集约利用评价。研究结果表明：实码加速遗传算法与层次分析法的集成，能获得高精度的权数并能保证全局收敛性；江苏省开发区土地集约利用水〖JP2〗平存在较大的区域差异性，苏北5市开发区土地集约利用的总体水平远低于苏南和苏中地区，但苏南和苏中地区开发区土地集约利用的总体水平差距较小；高新技术开发区比其他类型开发区的土地集约利用水平高；国家级开发区的土地集约利用水平按开发区类型出现较大分异     

中国经济增长与耕地资源数量变化阶段性特征研究——协整分析及Granger因果检验

利用Eviews 6.0软件,基于协整分析与Granger因果关系检验方法,探讨经济增长和耕地资源数量变化的相互关系和相互作用,以协调耕地保护和经济发展的矛盾。研究结果表明,不同经济增长阶段,我国耕地资源数量变化与经济增长存在长期均衡关系;自1952年以来,我国经济增长和耕地资源数量变化经历了3个阶段,具体表现为:(1)互为因果(1952～1978年),这一阶段农业在国民经济中具有重要地位,耕地的产出在经济增长中占据较大的份额;(2)前者是后者的Granger原因(1978～1992年),此阶段耕地资源投入量顺应了经济增长的要求,发挥了自己应有的作用;(3)后者是前者的Granger原因(1992～2008年),耕地资源作为要素投入支撑了经济的低质量增长,由此产生了重复建设、土地低效利用等问题。因此,关注经济增长和耕地资源数量变化在不同经济发展阶段的均衡关系,发现其中的规律,掌握其中的因果变化趋势,适时调整土地政策以适应经济增长的要求是亟待解决的战略问题。     

“土地城市化”向“人口城市化”转变——一个分析框架及其政策含义

本文将人口变量引入城市用地扩张的理论模型中,以级差地租收益分配为核心,剖析了人口增长与用地扩张之间的互动关系。研究发现,在政府主导的城市化发展中,受发展竞争驱动,地方政府将城市中决定用地规模的经济活动人口和享有公共物品的户籍人口割裂开来:一方面,尽可能多的扩张城市用地面积以容纳更多的经济活动人口、攫取地租收益;另一方面,在级差地租分配中,拒绝让非户籍移民以公共物品的形式分享城市增长中的级差地租收益,从而降低城市化发展的成本。地方政府在享有外来人口集聚带来的级差地租收益的同时却不必承担相应的公共物品成本,这种成本收益计算中的扭曲进而导致了城市增长中的用地过度扩张、整体社会福利水平下降的问题。有鉴于此,在城市化相关改革政策中,应当引入人地统筹的调控思路,将级差地租收益分配与人口市民化问题相挂钩,有助于实现城市增长中的人地关系协调,抑制过度"土地城市化"并合理推进"人口城市化"。     

土地整治驱动下土地利用和景观格局变化研究——以上海市合庆镇为例

基于上海市合庆镇土地整治项目,通过土地利用指数、空间自相关性以及景观格局指数的分析:(1)土地整治带来的区域土地利用变化情况;(2)验证土地整治是否能起到土地集聚的作用;(3)使用景观格局指数分析土地利用空间配置关系。结果表明,整治后的项目区内建设用地明显减少,耕地数量明显增加,并且土地利用程度综合指数等土地利用指数同土地整治活动之间存在相关性。使用全局空间自相关分析方法能够很好地验证土地整治活动对土地产生的集聚效应,并且在5~10m的格网尺度下采用土地利用程度修正模型能很好地反映建设用地和耕地的局部集聚效应。此外,区域由以农业活动和非农业活动并存转向以农业活动为主,"斑块-廊道-基质"的景观结构变化显著。     

Use of Inverse Spatial Conservation Prioritization to Avoid Biological Diversity Loss Outside Protected Areas

Globally expanding human land use sets constantly increasing pressure for maintenance of biological diversity and functioning ecosystems. To fight the decline of biological diversity, conservation science has broken ground with methods such as the operational model of systematic conservation planning (SCP), which focuses on design and on‐the‐ground implementation of conservation areas. The most commonly used method in SCP is reserve selection that focuses on the spatial design of reserve networks and their expansion. We expanded these methods by introducing another form of spatial allocation of conservation effort relevant for land‐use zoning at the landscape scale that avoids negative ecological effects of human land use outside protected areas. We call our method inverse spatial conservation prioritization. It can be used to identify areas suitable for economic development while simultaneously limiting total ecological and environmental effects of that development at the landscape level by identifying areas with highest economic but lowest ecological value. Our method is not based on a priori targets, and as such it is applicable to cases where the effects of land use on, for example, individual species or ecosystem types are relatively small and would not lead to violation of regional or national conservation targets. We applied our method to land‐use allocation to peat mining. Our method identified a combination of profitable production areas that provides the needed area for peat production while retaining most of the landscape‐level ecological value of the ecosystem. The results of this inverse spatial conservation prioritization are being used in land‐use zoning in the province of Central Finland.     

基于生态系统服务价值的土地利用结构优化——以重庆万州为例

基于中国陆地生态系统服务功能价值研究成果，以及重庆市万州区生态环境建设与经济社会发展水平，对不同土地利用类型单位面积生态服务价值进行修正，形成万州区土地利用结构优化灰色线性规划模型中决策变量的生态经济参数。计算结果表明：（1）规划期内万州区耕地面积略有减少，建设用地面积有所增加，林地面积有较大幅度增加，大规模增加湿地面积提高土地生态功能价值则难以实现；（2）地质灾害与水土流失综合治理、草地生态系统修复以及适当增加园地面积，能够提高万州区土地生态功能价值；（3）万州区土地生态经济理论价值为11888亿元/a，修正价值为10644亿元/a，均高于现状值9653亿元/a，土地生态修复与建设的生态经济效益可观；（4）基于生态系统服务价值的土地利用结构优化，能够满足社会经济发展对土地的需求并同步实现生态经济效益的最优，为解决土地利用规划中的关键技术问题提供新的方法。     

Non-agricultural Population, Employment and Land： An Econometric Study in an Integrated Framework

Abstract： his paper explored the relationships among nonagricultural population, employment and land in an integrated framework, taking account of rural-urban land conversion into Carlino-Mills＇s model on the regional growth. Two-stage-leastsquares and ordinary-least-squares were employed. Recent data for district （grade） cities in China （from 1999 to 2005） were used. Our results showed that： first, urban population influenced non-agricultural employment, and vice versa, but the evidence that non-agricultural employment influenced urban population was stronger than the evidence that urban population influenced non-agricultural employment; second, urban population and non-agricultural employment both influenced ruralurban land conversion, but the evidence that urban population influenced rural urban land conversion was more stronger than the evidence that non-agricultural employment did. We also found that： first, the employment from the secondary industry influenced urban population in a positive way, and vice versa, but the employment from the tertiary industry influenced urban population in a negative way, and vice versa; second, the employment from the secondary industry influenced rural-urban land conversion in a positive way, but the employment from the tertiary industry influenced rural-urban land conversion in a negative way. We can conclude that the key of urbanization is to speed up the process of non-agricultural employment, especially the employment from the tertiary industry, which might promote non-agricultural population, employment and land harmoniously.     

Land Use and Land Cover Change Analysis and Prediction in the Upper Reaches of the Minjiang River,China

Scientists have aimed at exploring land use and land cover change (LUCC) and modeling future landscape pattern in order to improve our understanding of the causes and consequences of these phenomena. This study addresses LUCC in the upper reaches of Minjiang River, China, from 1974 to 2000. Based on remotely sensed images, LUCC and landscape pattern change were assessed using cross-tabulation and landscape metrics. Then, using the CLUE-S model, changes in area of four types of land cover were predicted for two scenarios considering forest polices over the next 20 years. Results showed that forestland decreased from 1974 to 2000 due to continuous deforestation, while grassland and shrubland increased correspondingly. At the same time, the farmland and settlement land increased dramatically. Landscape fragmentation in the study area accompanied these changes. Forestland, grassland, and farmland take opposite trajectories in the two scenarios, as does landscape fragmentation. LUCC has led to ecological consequences, such as biodiversity loss and lowering of ecological carrying capacity.